COMMON & PROPER NOUNS
COMMON NOUNS are very general and non-specific. They are not capitalized.
PROPER NOUNS are very specific, they name something and are ALWAYS CAPITALIZED.
PROPER NOUNS are very specific, they name something and are ALWAYS CAPITALIZED.
COMMON
boy school building car store |
PROPER
Dayton Dennis G. Earl Elementary Empire State Building Honda Civic Old Navy |
PREPOSITIONS
* A preposition shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word - it shows position, direction, location, or time
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Above
About Across Against Along Among Around At Before Behind Below |
Beneath
Beside Between Beyond By Down During Except For From In |
Inside
Into Like Near Of Off On Since To Toward Through |
Under
Until Up Upon With Within |
A PREPOSITION connects a noun to the rest of the sentence.
A PREPOSITION can show us where, when, and how things happen
A preposition is a word (usually a short word) that shows the relationship between two other nearby words. For example (prepositions highlighted):
Note: The word preposition means positioned before. A preposition will sit before a word (a noun or a pronoun) to show that word's relationship to another nearby word.
A PREPOSITION can show us where, when, and how things happen
A preposition is a word (usually a short word) that shows the relationship between two other nearby words. For example (prepositions highlighted):
- a boy from the ghetto
- (Here, the preposition from tells us the relationship between ghetto and boy.)a bone for the dog
Note: The word preposition means positioned before. A preposition will sit before a word (a noun or a pronoun) to show that word's relationship to another nearby word.
* A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE is a group of words that includes the preposition and the OBJECT of the preposition
* The OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION is the noun or pronoun that follows the preposition
EXAMPLE: The first animated cartoons were made by Walt Disney.
- by is the PREPOSITION
- Walt Disney is the noun, the OBJECT of the preposition
- by Walt Disney is the PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
EXAMPLE: Viewers loved the mouse with the silly little grin.
- with is the PREPOSITION
- grin is the noun, the OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION
- with the silly little grin is the PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
* The OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION is the noun or pronoun that follows the preposition
EXAMPLE: The first animated cartoons were made by Walt Disney.
- by is the PREPOSITION
- Walt Disney is the noun, the OBJECT of the preposition
- by Walt Disney is the PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
EXAMPLE: Viewers loved the mouse with the silly little grin.
- with is the PREPOSITION
- grin is the noun, the OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION
- with the silly little grin is the PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
CONJUNCTIONS
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F A N B O Y S
For And Nor But Or Yet So
For And Nor But Or Yet So
* A conjunction is a word that joins together words, phrases, or parts of sentences. The three most-used conjunctions are and, or, and but.
* Conjunctions can join words together, like in this sentence: I'd like five peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, please.
* Conjunctions can also join phrases together, like in this sentence: Do want to go down the hill or up the mountain?
* Conjunctions also join parts of sentences together, as shown here: I ran, but the ice cream melted before I got home.
* Conjunctions can join words together, like in this sentence: I'd like five peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, please.
* Conjunctions can also join phrases together, like in this sentence: Do want to go down the hill or up the mountain?
* Conjunctions also join parts of sentences together, as shown here: I ran, but the ice cream melted before I got home.
INTERJECTIONS
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An interjection is a word added to a sentence to convey an emotion or a sentiment such as surprise, disgust, joy, excitement, or enthusiasm. For example:
Yes and No
Introductory expressions such as yes, no, indeed, and well are also classed as interjections. Examples:
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Interjections are words used to express strong feeling or sudden emotion. They are included in a sentence (usually at the start) to express a sentiment such as surprise, disgust, joy, excitement, or enthusiasm.
An interjection is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence. Examples of interjections (shaded):
Phew!
Some interjections are sounds. Examples:
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Singular, Plural & Collective Nouns
* SINGULAR nouns name ONE person, place, or thing
* PLURAL nouns name MORE THAN ONE person, place, or thing
* COLLECTIVE nouns name a GROUP of people, animals, or things that act as a unit
* PLURAL nouns name MORE THAN ONE person, place, or thing
* COLLECTIVE nouns name a GROUP of people, animals, or things that act as a unit
RULES FOR CREATING PLURAL NOUNS
* Most nouns, just add -s
* For nouns that end with a Y - if there is a consonant before the Y (fly) you drop the y and add -ies, if there is a vowel before the Y, you just add -s
* For nouns that end with s, add -es
* For nouns that end with an f (loaf), you replace the f with a v and add -es (loaves)
* Most nouns, just add -s
* For nouns that end with a Y - if there is a consonant before the Y (fly) you drop the y and add -ies, if there is a vowel before the Y, you just add -s
* For nouns that end with s, add -es
* For nouns that end with an f (loaf), you replace the f with a v and add -es (loaves)
SINGULAR
girl man fly toy table dress |
PLURAL
girls men flies toys tables dresses |
COLLECTIVE
tribe family team herd flock class group pack troupe collection series |
Types of Sentences - Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative & Exclamatory
Declarative Sentences
Interrogative Sentences
Imperative Sentences
Exclamatory Sentences
SUBJECT & PREDICATE
Understanding IDIOMS
Idioms are groups of words or phrases that have a meaning separate from the actual meaning of each individual word
Contractions & Negatives
A contraction is a shortened form of two words. An apostrophe is used to show where one or more letters have been left out. Some contractions are made by combining pronouns and verbs: I + will = I’ll; she + is = she’s.
Other contractions are formed by joining a verb and not:
do + not = don’t; are + not = aren’t.
• Won’t and can’t are formed in special ways
can + not = can’t; will + not = won’t
Negatives are words that mean “no” or “not”: no, not, never, none, nothing. Contractions with n’t are negatives too. To make a negative statement, use only one negative word.
No: Don’t never get in his way. There wasn’t nobody here.
Yes: Don’t ever get in his way. There wasn’t anybody here.
• Use positive words instead of the negative in a sentence with not:
Negative Positive Negative Positive
nobody anybody, somebody nothing anything, something
no one anyone, someone nowhere anywhere, somewhere
none any, all, some never ever, always
Other contractions are formed by joining a verb and not:
do + not = don’t; are + not = aren’t.
• Won’t and can’t are formed in special ways
can + not = can’t; will + not = won’t
Negatives are words that mean “no” or “not”: no, not, never, none, nothing. Contractions with n’t are negatives too. To make a negative statement, use only one negative word.
No: Don’t never get in his way. There wasn’t nobody here.
Yes: Don’t ever get in his way. There wasn’t anybody here.
• Use positive words instead of the negative in a sentence with not:
Negative Positive Negative Positive
nobody anybody, somebody nothing anything, something
no one anyone, someone nowhere anywhere, somewhere
none any, all, some never ever, always
Pronouns and Antecedents
PRONOUNS take the place of nouns.
An ANTECEDENT is the noun or nouns to which the pronouns refer.
A PRONOUN and its ANTECEDENT must agree in number and gender.
Before you use a PRONOUN, ask yourself if the ANTECEDENT is singular (1) or plural (2 or more). If the ANTECEDENT is singular, decide whether it is masculine, femenine, or neutral. Then, choose a pronoun that agrees.
EX: Four students ate some lunch. They all thought it tasted good.
Students is the antecedent to they.
Lunch is the antecedent to it.
An ANTECEDENT is the noun or nouns to which the pronouns refer.
A PRONOUN and its ANTECEDENT must agree in number and gender.
Before you use a PRONOUN, ask yourself if the ANTECEDENT is singular (1) or plural (2 or more). If the ANTECEDENT is singular, decide whether it is masculine, femenine, or neutral. Then, choose a pronoun that agrees.
EX: Four students ate some lunch. They all thought it tasted good.
Students is the antecedent to they.
Lunch is the antecedent to it.
Subject and Object Pronouns
A PRONOUN is a word that takes the place of a noun.
* I, me, he, she, we, herself, himself, us, they, them, their, our, my, mine,
him, her, it
EX - In the sentence "Joe saw Jill, and he waved at her." He and Her are pronouns that replace the Proper Nouns Joe and Jill.
SUBJECT PRONOUNS are used in the subject of the sentence.
Singular Subject Pronouns are I, you, he, she, and it.
Plural Subject Pronouns are we, you, and they.
*When you use a person's name and pronoun in a compound subject, be sure to use a subect pronoun.
EX - We invented an imaginary country. It is far away. She and I planned a trip there.
OBJECT PRONOUNS are used in the predicate of a sentence after an action verb or with a preposition, such as for, at, into, with, or to.
Singula Object Pronouns are me, you, him, and it.
Plural Object Pronouns are us, you, and them.
*When you use a person's name and pronoun in a compound object, he sure to use an object pronoun.
EX - That story reminded me of him. Leon told them. He helped Jenny and me.
* I, me, he, she, we, herself, himself, us, they, them, their, our, my, mine,
him, her, it
EX - In the sentence "Joe saw Jill, and he waved at her." He and Her are pronouns that replace the Proper Nouns Joe and Jill.
SUBJECT PRONOUNS are used in the subject of the sentence.
Singular Subject Pronouns are I, you, he, she, and it.
Plural Subject Pronouns are we, you, and they.
*When you use a person's name and pronoun in a compound subject, be sure to use a subect pronoun.
EX - We invented an imaginary country. It is far away. She and I planned a trip there.
OBJECT PRONOUNS are used in the predicate of a sentence after an action verb or with a preposition, such as for, at, into, with, or to.
Singula Object Pronouns are me, you, him, and it.
Plural Object Pronouns are us, you, and them.
*When you use a person's name and pronoun in a compound object, he sure to use an object pronoun.
EX - That story reminded me of him. Leon told them. He helped Jenny and me.
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns show who or what owns, or possesses, something.
My, mine,her, hers, his, and its are singular possessive pronouns.
Our, ours, their, and theirs are plural possessive pronouns.
Your and yours can be either singular or plural possessive pronouns.
• Use my, your, her, our, and their before nouns.
This is my cat. It was her dog. They fed their fish.
• Use mine, yours, hers, ours, and theirs alone.
The cat is mine. The dog was hers. The fish are theirs.
• His and its can be used both before nouns and alone.
He found his dog. The dog is his.
The dog hurt its paw. The paw is its.
• Do not use an apostrophe with a possessive pronoun.
My, mine,her, hers, his, and its are singular possessive pronouns.
Our, ours, their, and theirs are plural possessive pronouns.
Your and yours can be either singular or plural possessive pronouns.
• Use my, your, her, our, and their before nouns.
This is my cat. It was her dog. They fed their fish.
• Use mine, yours, hers, ours, and theirs alone.
The cat is mine. The dog was hers. The fish are theirs.
• His and its can be used both before nouns and alone.
He found his dog. The dog is his.
The dog hurt its paw. The paw is its.
• Do not use an apostrophe with a possessive pronoun.
Indefinite & Reflexive Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns may not refer to specific words.
They do not always have definite antecedents:
* Has anyone met the new kid?
Some common indefinite pronouns are listed below.
Singular Indefinite Pronouns
someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, something, no one, either, each,
anything, nothing
Plural Indefinite Pronouns
few, several, both, others, many, all, some
• Use singular verb forms with singular indefinite pronouns and plural
verb forms with plural indefinite pronouns:
* Everyone gets a cookie.
* Few turn it down.
Reflexive pronouns reflect the action of the verb back on the subject.
Reflexive pronouns end in -self or -selves:
* We introduced ourselves to her.
Singular Reflexive Pronouns
myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself
Plural Reflexive Pronouns
ourselves, yourselves, themselves
• There are no such words as hisself, theirself, theirselves, or ourself
They do not always have definite antecedents:
* Has anyone met the new kid?
Some common indefinite pronouns are listed below.
Singular Indefinite Pronouns
someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, something, no one, either, each,
anything, nothing
Plural Indefinite Pronouns
few, several, both, others, many, all, some
• Use singular verb forms with singular indefinite pronouns and plural
verb forms with plural indefinite pronouns:
* Everyone gets a cookie.
* Few turn it down.
Reflexive pronouns reflect the action of the verb back on the subject.
Reflexive pronouns end in -self or -selves:
* We introduced ourselves to her.
Singular Reflexive Pronouns
myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself
Plural Reflexive Pronouns
ourselves, yourselves, themselves
• There are no such words as hisself, theirself, theirselves, or ourself
Troublesome Verbs
PRESENT
Lie - rest/recline
Lay - put/place Set - to place somewhere Sit - to sit down Let - allow Leave - leave alone Rise - go up/get up Raise - place/put higher |
PAST
Lay
Laid Set Sat Let Left Rose Raised |
PAST PARTICIPLE
(has, had, have Lain
Laid Set Sat Let Left Risen Raised |